Subnetting could be explained as a way to identify a network inside of another one without having to sort through all of the IP addresses. Imagine you are in an office building that has 3 floors. On each floor of the building is a corresponding network. Now on the corresponding one imagine it being broken down further into 2 smaller networks. We will call the networks on floor 1 - A and B; the networks on floor 2 - C and D; on floor 3 - E and F. Subnetting allows the data to be circulated to the correct set of hosts within a network without extra money spent on more equipment.
Picture a grid that has 4 blocks with their rows and boxes numbered. You are then asked to shade x amount of boxes and y amount of rows in each block. Consider now that each row is a network and each box is a host. If a box is out of sequence then it does not belong to that network. Subnetting eliminates the need to number each box. If you send data to row 1 and the subnet allows x amount of boxes, then x amount of boxes will receive the information sent. It also tells which block each network (row) and each host (box) resides on.
It is also used in identifying issues that may arise. Instead of having to scan a set IP ranges, let's say that an issue arises on block 3, row 4. By determining the subnet that the issue occurred on, it leaves us sure that the problem occurred in that network.
So, why do we need subnetting? This is to allow all the users on a private network to connect to the internet without purchasing IP addresses for every PC. Another major benefit of subnetting is it allows for better management of devices and networks. An administrator can separate users into groups that need access to certain resources. This helps with security and access.
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